Peter Berkowitz’s latest book, Explaining Israel: The Jewish State, the Middle East, and America, hit shelves on September 23, 2025, offering a deep look at Israel’s remarkable achievements amid constant dangers. Published by RealClear Publishing, it explores the nation’s economic boom, military strength, and internal divisions while facing regional foes like Iran and its allies.
Israel’s Bright Past Meets Current Challenges
In 2014, Israel stood out as a success story with a thriving economy driven by tech innovation and a powerful military that dominated the Middle East. Life expectancy was high, happiness surveys ranked Israelis near the top, and cultural scenes like Tel Aviv’s beaches and food spots drew global attention.
Yet external threats loomed large. Groups backed by Iran, such as Hamas and Hezbollah, built up rocket arsenals and plotted attacks. The 2014 kidnapping and murder of three young Israelis sparked Operation Protective Edge, a seven week campaign in Gaza to curb rocket fire without fully dismantling Hamas.
Fast forward to 2025, and these issues persist. Recent reports show ongoing conflicts in Gaza, with Israel resuming operations after a fragile ceasefire ended in March. Tensions with Hezbollah in Lebanon and Iran’s nuclear ambitions continue to test Israel’s resilience.
Internal splits have grown too. Working class Mizrahi Jews often feel overlooked by Ashkenazi elites, while debates rage over ultra Orthodox exemptions from military service. The Arab minority, about 21 percent of citizens, has seen some progress in social and economic areas, but gaps remain.
Key Themes from Berkowitz’s Analysis
Berkowitz highlights Israel’s journey from a small nation to a powerhouse. He points to natural gas discoveries boosting energy independence and a wine industry that grew from basic sacramental production to over 300 vineyards making quality bottles.
The book ties these wins to broader Middle East dynamics. Peace treaties with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994 brought stability, though not full warmth. In 2025, new developments like potential deals with Syria and EU sanctions over Gaza actions show shifting alliances.
One core dilemma is the West Bank. Captured in the 1967 Six Day War, it houses about three million Palestinians under partial Israeli rule. Berkowitz notes the 2005 Gaza withdrawal led to Hamas takeover, raising questions about future paths.
He also covers America’s role, from military aid to diplomatic support, amid 2025 events like U.S. troop alerts and recognitions of Palestinian statehood by allies like France.
Regional Enemies and Nuclear Risks
Iran remains a top threat, advancing its nuclear program and arming proxies across the region. By 2014, Hezbollah had tens of thousands of rockets aimed at Israel, a number that has likely grown based on recent intelligence.
In 2025, strikes and counterstrikes continue. Israel targeted Hamas leaders in Qatar recently, part of a broader campaign against enemies since the 2023 attacks.
Berkowitz argues these perils test Israel’s innovation. Cybersecurity and intelligence have kept it ahead, but the human cost is high, with ongoing detentions and abuses reported in conflicts.
Public sentiment reflects this strain. Social media posts from 2025 show frustration over the war’s drag, with some calling it a strategic deadlock for Israel.
Internal Divisions and Social Strains
Israel’s society is diverse, but rifts run deep. Mizrahi Jews, with roots in North Africa and the Middle East, often clash with European descended Ashkenazis over cultural and economic issues.
The ultra Orthodox community, now about 13.5 percent of the population, receives government subsidies for schools and skips mandatory military service, sparking resentment.
Arab Israelis have gained ground, with better jobs and education, yet inequality persists. Recent events, like West Bank annexation talks, heighten these tensions.
Berkowitz uses data to show trends:
| Demographic Group | Population Percentage (2024) | Key Issues |
|---|---|---|
| Ultra Orthodox | 13.5% | Military exemptions, subsidies |
| Arab Minority | 21% | Social integration, economic gaps |
| Mizrahi Jews | Varies (major working class) | Cultural resentment, economic inequality |
| Ashkenazi Elites | Significant in urban areas | Perceived elitism |
This table illustrates the balances Israel must strike for unity.
Path Forward Amid Uncertainty
Looking ahead, Berkowitz stresses resilience. Israel’s high fertility rates and tech driven growth offer hope, even as conflicts rage.
In 2025, global responses vary. Some nations recognize Palestinian statehood, while others push sanctions. The book calls for understanding these complexities to grasp Israel’s place in the world.
Recent analyses predict more escalations, with potential sovereignty moves in the West Bank by year’s end.
- Ceasefire breakdowns: Multiple pauses in Gaza fighting have failed, resuming hostilities.
- Ally shifts: UAE pressures over annexations, while U.S. aid continues despite criticisms.
- Humanitarian crises: Aid stalls in Gaza lead to widespread suffering, drawing international calls for action.
As readers dive into this book, it provides timely insights into a nation balancing triumph and turmoil. Share your thoughts on Israel’s future in the comments below, and pass this article along to spark discussions.
